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Apocalypse builds

Sniper Apocalypse build: MVP, raid and PvP

SniperAs of 13 October 2026 (SEA, Lv.90, Apocalypse Season 1)

Sniper plan for Lv.90 and Apocalypse Season 1 on SEA: Focused Arrow Strike with the Swift Arrow Strike trait for MVPs and the Calamity Zone raid, and a trap build with Master Enhance for PvP, with gear, special skills, cards, Starcores and runes.

Our take

The RO New World team's own view

  • This plan suits a Sniper who plays PvE every day and can afford one Apocalypse weapon for both MVPs and the raid. Trap players for Guild League and Siege get their own PvP build, but it needs a second weapon and a stat reset.
  • Put Swift Arrow Strike on a Royal Falken Blitz III first. Then get Burst Shot on the weapon and Focused Amplification and Deadeye Aim on the accessories. For the raid, build Guard before Break: 80, then 160, then 240.
  • The biggest trap is rolling red special skills too early. Red Lv.1 Burst Shot (744%) is weaker than orange Lv.3 (800%). Keep your orange skills until you can reach red Lv.2 (1008%).
  • Our verdict: Focused Arrow is the Sniper pick for the Apocalypse era, because it beat the falcon build in the only Taiwan test with Starcores (about 1.45 million against 1.25 million). The falcon build is not dead: SEA's Ruthless Hunt is stronger than Taiwan's, so we will re-test when SEA numbers come in.

Key findings

Focused Arrow pulls ahead of the falcon

Our older Lv.70-80 guide rated the falcon build above Focused Arrow. On Taiwan's server, after Apocalypse, one player tested both on the same orange gear: blue Starcores on a falcon build gave about 1.25 million damage per second, and blue Starcores on Focused Arrow about 1.45 million. That is why the MVP and raid builds here use Focused Arrow Strike.

Swift Arrow Strike removes the cast time

Focused Arrow Strike has a fixed cast time of 0.15 s. The best Swift Arrow Strike trait cuts 0.15 s, so the fixed cast is gone. It also adds 25% to the share of your CRIT that the skill inherits (the skill starts at 25%). Red Focused Amplification adds another 30%, so CRIT gear is worth more than before.

Traps need their own weapon

Apocalypse class traits roll only on the weapon, and a weapon holds one class trait. Master Enhance (every trap placed within 6 s after Enhanced Elemental Trap becomes enhanced) belongs on a trap bow such as Royal Ixion Wing III. The trap build also uses INT and DEX instead of LUK and AGI, so treat it as a second character setup, not a quick swap.

Armor

Wear the General Set II

Armor, cape and shoes come as 3-piece sets, and the set bonus only works with all 3 pieces from the same set. For Focused Arrow, General Set II gives the most physical damage. Gale Set IV is the backup when you are short of attack speed or HP. Odin Set III is only for the trap build, because traps grow with INT and DEX. Numbers below are orange (gold) quality, every piece at +10, from the game data. Royal pieces have the same bonuses plus more HP.

General Set II

Best

Best for MVP and raid

General's Assault Armor IICaptain's Manteau IIBattle Greave II
  • Set: STR +5, DEX +5, P.DMG +2.5%
  • Each piece: P.DMG +2.2%, plus 0.4% per refine level
  • All 3 pieces at +10: P.DMG +21.1% in total

Gale Set IV

Option

If you lack attack speed or HP

Gale Robe IVEagle Wing IVBlack Leather Shoes IV
  • Set: HP cap +5%, P.DMG +2%
  • Each piece: AGI +6, ATK +28, plus P.DMG 0.38% per refine level
  • All 3 pieces at +10: AGI +18, ATK +84, P.DMG +13.4%

Odin Set III

Option

For the trap PvP build

Odin's Blessing IIIFalcon Muffler IIIFricco's Shoes III
  • Set: STR +6, INT +6, ATK +2%, M.ATK +2%
  • Each piece: ATK +1.4%; refines add INT on the armor and DEX and VIT on the cape and shoes
  • All 3 pieces at +10: INT +16, DEX +20, VIT +20, ATK +6.2%, P.DMG +7.2%

Keep Royal Lv.70 and Lv.80 gear you do not wear: it is the best feed for activating Apocalypse slots.

II · MVP hunting

MVP build: Focused Arrow Strike

Neutral · Swift Arrow Strike

A crit archer that spams Focused Arrow Strike (a 14 m line shot that can CRIT). Swift Arrow Strike removes the fixed cast time, and Burst Shot adds a second hit after each shot. This is the strongest Sniper setup for single bosses.

Stats

LUK 135 total

Count Attention Concentrate (LUK +20), Falcon Eyes (all stats +5) and food before you place points.

CRIT 90-100

Falcon Eyes gives CRIT +30 and Morrigane's Belt III at +10 gives CRIT +21.

Attack frequency 7

Raise AGI and DEX together until you reach it.

Rest: DEX

DEX also adds a little attack frequency.

Apocalypse weapon trait

Swift Arrow Strike

Focused Arrow Strike cast time -0.15s. Inherited CRIT rate +25%.Best grade: Focused Arrow Strike cast time -0.15 s and inherited CRIT rate +25%. The skill's fixed cast is 0.15 s, so the cast is gone, and more of your CRIT carries into each shot.

Gear

Special skills

Burst ShotWeaponAfter a short delay, Focused Arrow Strike deals another 32~1120% Neutral Ranged PDMG to enemies in the cast areaBurst Shot: Focused Arrow Strike deals another hit after a short delay. Orange Lv.3 800%, red Lv.2 1008%, red Lv.3 1120%. Red Lv.1 (744%) is weaker than orange Lv.3.
Focused AmplificationAccessoryFocused Arrow Strike's inherited CRIT ratio +3~30%, damage +1.2~42%.Focused Amplification: inherited CRIT ratio +30% and damage +42% at red Lv.3 (orange Lv.3: +20% and +30%).
Deadeye AimAccessoryDuring Falcon Eyes, damage dealt +0.8~28%.Deadeye Aim: damage +28% at red Lv.3 while Falcon Eyes is active. Falcon Eyes lasts 600 s, so it is almost always on.
Deadly ShotAlternativeBow skill damage +0.6~33%.Deadly Shot: bow skill damage +33%. At Lv.90 it rolls only in red. Take it over Deadeye Aim if the Divine Forge gives it to you.
Elite GuardArmorDMG taken from MVP, Mini, and Boss -0.5~27.5%.Elite Guard: damage taken from MVP, Mini and Boss monsters -27.5% at red Lv.3.
PDMG ReductionCapeWhen taking damage, PDMG taken -0.7~35.8% for 5s.PDMG Reduction: physical damage taken -35.8% for 5 s after you are hit.

Cards

Weapon ×2

Archer Skeleton (ranged P.DMG +10%) always. The second card follows the boss size: Minorous (DMG vs Large +18%) or Skeleton Worker (DMG vs Medium +18%).

Weapon (MVP card)

Doppelganger Card

Doppelganger Card

ASPD Bonus% +10%
If you own Doppelganger: ASPD +10%, CRIT +20, CRIT damage +15%. It replaces Archer Skeleton.

Accessory ×4

Zealotus (ranged P.DMG +6%) is the best. Orc Archer (+5%) is the cheaper stand-in.

Cape ×2

Yao Jun Card

Yao Jun Card

CRIT DMG% +4.80%~8%
Yao Jun: CRIT damage +8% each.

Facewear

Angra Mantis Card

Angra Mantis Card

CRIT DMG% +3%~5%
Angra Mantis: CRIT damage +5%.

Shoes ×2

Matyr Card

Matyr Card

DEX +6~10
Matyr: DEX +10 each.

Headwear

Hornet or Cramp: ATK +15.

Mouthwear

Novice Poring: LUK +7, toward 135 LUK.

Backwear

Mirage: Angeling Card

Mirage: Angeling Card

DMG vs Large% +3.60%~6%
Mirage: Angeling: DMG vs Large +6%.

Armor ×2

Pecopeco Card

Pecopeco Card

Max HP% +3%~5%
Pecopeco: Max HP +5% each, so you survive MVP skills.

Starcore traits, in priority order

Weapon

  1. Swift Arrow Strike
  2. Ranged PDMG%
  3. ATK%
  4. ATK

Accessory

  1. Ranged PDMG%
  2. ATK%
  3. ATK
  4. Neutral DMG%

Armor

  1. Max HP%
  2. HP
  3. DMG Reduction vs Large%
  4. Melee PDMG Reduction%

Cape

  1. Melee PDMG Reduction%
  2. Elemental DMG Reduction%
  3. M.DEF%
  4. M.DEF

Shoes

  1. DEF%
  2. DEF
  3. Melee PDMG Reduction%
  4. Elemental DMG Reduction%

Rune Engine

Aqua Crystal 7

Increases P.DMG and M.DMG by 6%; Ignores 10% of target's P.DEF and M.DEF upon dealing DMG. Casting a skill has a base 15% chance to deal 40% bonus DMG. Failure adds 5% to the next attempt, stacking until triggered.

Gale Crystal 7

All Stats +15ASPD +8%, Fixed Chanting Time -25%Enter Haste every 15 sec, reducing Global Cooldown of all skills by 0.5 sec, lasting 6 sec
Burst AmplificationIncreases burst skill DMG multiplier by 2~12%Burst Amplification: Focused Arrow Strike is a burst skill, so burst damage +8% at Lv.4.
Layered BladeStacks when dealing DMG. Each stack increases DMG by 0.8%, up to 20 stacks, lasting 10s. After acquiring , gain 5 stacks each time DMG is dealt.Layered Blade: up to 20 stacks of +0.4% damage at Lv.4 (+8%), easy to keep on a boss.
Balanced DefenseWhen HP is above 50%, DMG multiplier increases by 12%. When below 50%, DMG taken is reduced by 12%Balanced Defense: damage +8% at Lv.4 while your HP is above 50%.
Agile DefenseIncreases DMG by 1~6% when stationary. Reduces DMG taken by 1~6% when movingAgile Defense: damage +4% at Lv.4 while you stand still, damage taken -4% while you move.
Desperate StrikeIncreases P.ATK and M.ATK by 2~12%. Reduces P.DEF and M.DEF by 2~12%Desperate Strike: P.ATK +8% at Lv.4, but P.DEF and M.DEF -8%. Swap it for Mighty Guard if MVPs kill you.

Reroll random rune stats last: ATK%, ATK, then the race of the MVP you farm most.

How to play

  • Keep Falcon Eyes up at all times. It gives CRIT +30 and physical skill damage +10%, and Deadeye Aim only works while it is active.
  • Use Oridecon Arrow (ATK +20) as your normal arrow. Carry Fire Arrow, Silver Arrow (Holy) and the other element arrows for bosses that are weak to an element, and test whether your damage really changes.
  • Focused Arrow Strike uses a lot of SP. Put SP-saving gems on armor and cape, and keep SP potions on your quick bar.
  • Aqua resonance 7 gives P.DMG +6% and ignores 10% of P.DEF. Gale resonance 7 gives ASPD +8% and fixed cast time -25%.

III · Calamity Zone raid

Raid build: Focused Arrow with Guard first

Holy and Fire arrows · Swift Arrow Strike

The same weapon and skills as the MVP build, with season stats added. Guard (the season stat that cuts damage taken in the raid) comes before Break (the season stat that unlocks your damage), because a dead archer does no damage.

Stats

CRIT 100 or more

Some raid bosses get a CRIT resistance affix. Taiwan players say crit builds need about 100 CRIT or more against it.

Max HP ~140,000

Taiwan players aimed for about 140,000 HP before harder Calamity runs.

Guard 80 → 160 → 240

Defensive on armor, cape and shoes first. Normal Anubis needs Guard 160 and Break 240.

LUK 135, then AGI/DEX

Same base stats as the MVP build.

Apocalypse weapon trait

Swift Arrow Strike

Focused Arrow Strike cast time -0.15s. Inherited CRIT rate +25%.Best grade: Focused Arrow Strike cast time -0.15 s and inherited CRIT rate +25%. No cast means you can shoot between boss mechanics and move again at once.

Gear

Special skills

Burst ShotWeaponAfter a short delay, Focused Arrow Strike deals another 32~1120% Neutral Ranged PDMG to enemies in the cast areaBurst Shot: an extra hit after each Focused Arrow Strike, up to 1120% at red Lv.3.
Focused AmplificationAccessoryFocused Arrow Strike's inherited CRIT ratio +3~30%, damage +1.2~42%.Focused Amplification: inherited CRIT ratio +30% and damage +42% at red Lv.3.
Deadeye AimAccessoryDuring Falcon Eyes, damage dealt +0.8~28%.Deadeye Aim: damage +28% at red Lv.3 during Falcon Eyes.
Large Monster GuardArmorDMG taken from large units -0.5~27.5%.Large Monster Guard: damage taken from Large units -27.5%. All five Season 1 bosses are Large.
Elite GuardCapeDMG taken from MVP, Mini, and Boss -0.5~27.5%.Elite Guard: damage taken from MVP, Mini and Boss monsters -27.5%.

Cards

Weapon ×2

Minorous (DMG vs Large +18%) works on all five bosses. Second card per boss: Injustice (vs Earth +15%) for Amon Ra, Santa Poring (vs Shadow +20%) for Pharaoh and Bloody Knight, Strouf (vs Demon +20%) for Dark Lord.

Accessory ×4

Zealotus Card

Zealotus Card

Ranged PDMG% +3.60%~6%
Zealotus: ranged P.DMG +6% each.

Cape ×2

Giant Whisper (Max HP +5%) until you reach about 140,000 HP, then Yao Jun (CRIT damage +8%).

Cape (swap)

Raydric Card

Raydric Card

Shadow DMG Reduction% +6%~10%
Raydric: Shadow damage taken -10%, for Pharaoh and Bloody Knight.

Headwear

Mirage: Orc Lord Card

Mirage: Orc Lord Card

DMG Reduction vs Large% +3.60%~6%
Mirage: Orc Lord: damage taken from Large -6%.

Backwear

Mirage: Angeling Card

Mirage: Angeling Card

DMG vs Large% +3.60%~6%
Mirage: Angeling: DMG vs Large +6%.

Armor ×2

Pecopeco Card

Pecopeco Card

Max HP% +3%~5%
Pecopeco: Max HP +5% each.

Facewear

Angra Mantis Card

Angra Mantis Card

CRIT DMG% +3%~5%
Angra Mantis: CRIT damage +5%.

Shoes ×2

Matyr Card

Matyr Card

DEX +6~10
Matyr: DEX +10 each.

Starcore traits, in priority order

Weapon

  1. Swift Arrow Strike
  2. Aggressive
  3. Ranged PDMG%
  4. ATK%

Accessory

  1. Aggressive
  2. Ranged PDMG%
  3. ATK%
  4. ATK

Armor

  1. Defensive
  2. Max HP%
  3. DMG Reduction vs Large%
  4. DMG Reduction vs Demi-Human%

Cape

  1. Defensive
  2. DMG Reduction vs Demi-Human%
  3. Shadow DMG Reduction%
  4. Undead DMG Reduction%

Shoes

  1. Defensive
  2. DMG Reduction vs Demi-Human%
  3. DEF%
  4. Elemental DMG Reduction%

Rune Engine

Aqua Crystal 7

Increases P.DMG and M.DMG by 6%; Ignores 10% of target's P.DEF and M.DEF upon dealing DMG. Casting a skill has a base 15% chance to deal 40% bonus DMG. Failure adds 5% to the next attempt, stacking until triggered.

Gale Crystal 4

All Stats +10ASPD +4%, Fixed Chanting Time -10%

Geo Crystal 4

Reduces DMG received from all Classes by 3%Upon entering combat, gain a shield of 10% max HP every 15s, lasting 15s. Enemies attacking the shield have their P.ATK and M.ATK reduced by 3% for 5s
Burst AmplificationIncreases burst skill DMG multiplier by 2~12%Burst Amplification: burst skill damage +8% at Lv.4.
Layered BladeStacks when dealing DMG. Each stack increases DMG by 0.8%, up to 20 stacks, lasting 10s. After acquiring , gain 5 stacks each time DMG is dealt.Layered Blade: up to +8% damage at Lv.4 on a long boss fight.
Balanced DefenseWhen HP is above 50%, DMG multiplier increases by 12%. When below 50%, DMG taken is reduced by 12%Balanced Defense: damage +8% above 50% HP, damage taken -8% below it (Lv.4).
Agile DefenseIncreases DMG by 1~6% when stationary. Reduces DMG taken by 1~6% when movingAgile Defense: damage taken -4% while you move between mechanics, damage +4% while you stand (Lv.4).
Mighty GuardWhen taking single DMG exceeding 10% of max HP, reduces DMG by 4~24%. 15s cooldownMighty Guard: a single hit above 10% of your max HP is reduced by 16% (Lv.4).

Reroll random rune stats last: Max HP%, DMG Reduction vs Demi-Human%, then ATK%.

How to play

  • Get all four Starcore traits on a slot in the same quality: Stellar Power then raises that slot's Apocalypse stats by 30% (blue) up to 100% (red).
  • Start with Amon Ra (no Break or Guard needed on Normal) and Dark Lord. Use Fire Arrow on Amon Ra, who is Earth. Test Silver Arrow (Holy) on the Shadow and Undead bosses.
  • Wind Walker gives the party MSPD +30% for 6 s and has 2 charges. On Taiwan it now triggers by itself when a boss mechanic starts, and you can press it again to speed up your team.
  • Three of the five bosses are Demi-Human, and no card adds damage against them. Spend defensive Starcore slots on Demi-Human damage reduction instead.

IV · PvP

PvP build: Trapper with Master Enhance

Fire · Master Enhance

A trap Sniper for Guild League and Siege. You cast Enhanced Elemental Trap, then lay a field of enhanced traps on the paths enemies must use. Traps deal physical damage that grows with INT and DEX.

Stats

INT and DEX together

Both multiply trap damage: Claymore Trap deals (DEX+75)×(1+INT/50)×… Fire ranged P.DMG.

VIT with the rest

Odin Set III also gives VIT +20 at +10, so you live through a dive.

No LUK or AGI

Traps do not use CRIT or attack speed.

Apocalypse weapon trait

Master Enhance

After casting Enhanced Element Trap, all traps cast within 2~6s become enhanced.Best grade: after you cast Enhanced Elemental Trap, every trap you place within 6 s is enhanced. Claymore then deals 80% more damage in 5 m, Land Mine applies Vulnerable for 4.5 s, and Freezing Trap has a 60% Freeze chance.

Gear

Special skills

Razor TrapWeaponUnits hit by trap damage take 0.8~28% more PDMG from the source for 4~7s.Razor Trap: targets hit by your traps take 28% more P.DMG from you for 7 s (red Lv.3).
Hair TriggerAccessoryAfter triggering a trap, Enhanced Element Trap cooldown -8~50%.Hair Trigger: after a trap triggers, Enhanced Elemental Trap cooldown -50% (red Lv.3). Its base cooldown is 12 s.
Chain DeploymentAccessoryWhen Element Trap triggers, if another trap exists within 5m, its damage +1.6~54.6%.Chain Deployment: when an Element Trap triggers with another trap within 5 m, its damage +54.6% (red Lv.3).
Matrix EffectAlternativeWhen within 8m of a trap set by yourself, PDMG dealt +0.4~20.9%, and DEX +6~34.Matrix Effect: within 8 m of your own trap, P.DMG +20.9% and DEX +34. Red only at Lv.90; take it over Chain Deployment if you roll it.
Duelist GuardArmorDMG taken from players -0.5~27.5%.Duelist Guard: damage taken from players -27.5% (red Lv.3).
PDMG ReductionCapeWhen taking damage, PDMG taken -0.7~35.8% for 5s.PDMG Reduction: physical damage taken -35.8% for 5 s after you are hit.

Cards

Weapon ×2

Hydra Card

Hydra Card

DMG vs Human% +12%~20%
Hydra: DMG vs Human +20% each.

Accessory ×4

Zealotus (ranged P.DMG +6%) on three slots: traps deal ranged physical damage. Smokie on one slot for Hiding.

Shoes ×2

Matyr Card

Matyr Card

DEX +6~10
Matyr: DEX +10 each.

Cape ×2

Frilldora (INT +5) for damage, or Eclipse (VIT +6) if you die first in fights.

Mouthwear

Elder Willow: INT +5.

Armor ×2

Sasquatch (5% chance to Freeze the attacker) or Dark Frame (5% chance to Petrify the attacker).

Headwear

Giearth (immune to Confusion) or Nightmare (immune to Sleep), whichever the enemy guild uses more.

Facewear

Stalactic Golem Card

Stalactic Golem Card

Stun RES +60~100
Stalactic Golem: Stun RES +100.

Backwear

Majoruros Card

Majoruros Card

5% chance to Stun the attacker for 1s when taking PDMG. This effect has a 5s cooldown
Majoruros: 5% chance to Stun the attacker when you take P.DMG.

Starcore traits, in priority order

Weapon

  1. Master Enhance
  2. Ranged PDMG%
  3. ATK%
  4. ATK

Accessory

  1. Ranged PDMG%
  2. ATK%
  3. Elemental DMG%
  4. ATK

Armor

  1. Max HP%
  2. HP
  3. Melee PDMG Reduction%
  4. Ranged PDMG Reduction%

Cape

  1. Melee PDMG Reduction%
  2. Ranged PDMG Reduction%
  3. Elemental DMG Reduction%
  4. M.DEF%

Shoes

  1. Melee PDMG Reduction%
  2. Ranged PDMG Reduction%
  3. DEF%
  4. Elemental DMG Reduction%

Rune Engine

Pyro Crystal 7

DMG to all Classes +6%. Increases target's DMG taken by 4.5% and reduces healing received by 10% for 3 sec upon dealing DMG. This effect has a 15 sec cooldown. Dealing damage has a 30% chance to trigger a 2% all-element DMG boost for 6 sec, up to 5 stacks

Geo Crystal 4

Reduces DMG received from all Classes by 3%Upon entering combat, gain a shield of 10% max HP every 15s, lasting 15s. Enemies attacking the shield have their P.ATK and M.ATK reduced by 3% for 5s

Gale Crystal 4

All Stats +10ASPD +4%, Fixed Chanting Time -10%
AoE AmplificationIncreases AoE skill DMG multiplier by 2~12%AoE Amplification: traps are AoE skills, so their damage +8% at Lv.4.
Abnormal Damage BoostIncreases DMG multiplier by 2~12% to targets with abnormal statusAbnormal Damage Boost: damage +8% at Lv.4 to targets with a status. Land Mine stuns and Freezing Trap freezes.
Fatal InjuryReduces target's healing received by 5~30% for 5s upon dealing DMG. 20s cooldownFatal Injury: enemy healing received -20% for 5 s at Lv.4, so your traps kill through heals.
Balanced DefenseWhen HP is above 50%, DMG multiplier increases by 12%. When below 50%, DMG taken is reduced by 12%Balanced Defense: damage +8% above 50% HP, damage taken -8% below it (Lv.4).
Crippled ArmorReduces DMG taken by 12%. For every 20% HP lost, DMG taken is reduced by an extra 1%. After acquiring , the HP-loss interval is adjusted from 20% to 10%.Crippled Armor: damage taken -8% at Lv.4, and more as your HP drops.

Reroll random rune stats last: ATK%, Max HP%, then DMG Reduction vs Demi-Human%.

How to play

  • Cast Enhanced Elemental Trap, then place all your traps within 6 s so Master Enhance enhances every one.
  • Lay traps on the paths Assassins use to reach your back line and the lanes Knights charge through, not under your own front line.
  • Hair Trigger cuts the 12 s cooldown of Enhanced Elemental Trap by 50% after a trap triggers, so keep traps triggering to keep the cycle going.
  • If you can afford only one Apocalypse weapon, play the Focused Arrow build in PvP too, and swap Elite Guard for Duelist Guard (damage taken from players -27.5%).

Still unknown

  • No SEA player has posted a Lv.90 test of Focused Arrow against the falcon build yet. Taiwan's test used blue Starcores and Taiwan's Ruthless Hunt (60% CRIT rate inherited, CRIT damage -20%). SEA's game data shows 70% and no CRIT damage penalty, so the falcon build may close the gap.
  • Whether Ruthless Hunt's 70% adds to the 15% CRIT rate that Falcon Assault already gives Blitz Beat, or replaces it.
  • Focused Arrow Strike's text says Neutral damage. We assume element arrows change it, as they do for basic attacks; test this before you buy element cards.
  • We assume Hydra's 'DMG vs Human' works against player characters and that 'Elemental DMG%' raises trap damage. Neither is confirmed.
  • Nobody has posted Lv.90 trap PvP results on Taiwan or SEA. The trap cards, runes and Starcores are our picks from the game data.
  • We assume a bow counts as a two-handed weapon for the Break and Guard that Lv.90 Royal weapons carry on Taiwan.
  • Whether Deadly Shot's bow skill damage bonus also raises Burst Shot's extra hit.

Sources

Other classes